- May 6, 2026The thoracic multifidus provides segmental control of thoracic spinal motion, spanning 2-4 vertebral levels. It is less developed than lumbar…
- May 6, 2026The rotatores breves span a single thoracic vertebral level with the highest muscle spindle density in the back, functioning primarily…
- May 6, 2026The rotatores longi span two vertebral levels, providing a broader proprioceptive sampling zone than the breves and contributing slightly more…
- May 6, 2026The levatores costarum breves are 12 muscles, one per thoracic level, each elevating the immediately adjacent rib below. They are…
- May 6, 2026The levatores costarum longi are present at T7-T11 only, spanning two rib levels. They supplement the breves and contribute to…
- May 6, 2026The thoracic interspinales are poorly developed and often absent, reflecting the rib cage stability at this level. When present, they…
- May 2, 2026The lateral thoracic artery arises from the second part of the axillary artery and descends along the serratus anterior muscle,…
- May 2, 2026The internal mammary (thoracic) perforator arteries are branches of the internal thoracic artery that pierce the anterior intercostal spaces and…
- May 2, 2026The thoracoepigastric vein is a valveless superficial venous channel running on the lateral trunk from the lateral thoracic vein (draining…
- May 2, 2026The posterior intercostal veins drain into the azygos venous system: the right upper two or three intercostals drain to the…