- April 28, 2026The costochondral joints unite each rib to its costal cartilage at the osteochondral junction. The seventh through tenth costal cartilages…
- April 28, 2026The thoracic interspinous ligaments are intermediate in thickness between the thin cervical and robust lumbar versions. They resist the flexion…
- April 28, 2026The twelve thoracic vertebrae form the posterolateral thoracic cage, each with a heart-shaped body, bilateral facets for rib articulation (costovertebral…
- April 28, 2026The clavicle is the strut connecting the upper limb to the axial skeleton, transmitting upper limb forces to the sternum…
- April 28, 2026The sternum forms the central anterior thorax, articulating with the clavicles at the SC joints and the costal cartilages of…
- April 28, 2026Ribs 2-12 form the lateral thoracic cage, each with a head (two articular facets for adjacent vertebral bodies), neck, tubercle…
- April 28, 2026The rotatores are the deepest of the transversospinalis group, spanning one or two vertebral levels in the thoracic spine. Despite…
- April 28, 2026The sternoclavicular joint is the only true synovial joint connecting the upper limb to the axial skeleton. Its saddle-shaped articulation…
- April 28, 2026The first sternocostal joint is uniquely a synchondrosis (not a synovial joint) — it fuses the first rib cartilage directly…
- April 28, 2026The costotransverse joints connect the rib tubercle to the transverse process at each thoracic level (ribs 1-10), working with the…