JointAnterior Annular Fibres (Lumbar Disc)fibrae anuli fibrosi anteriores (discus intervertebralis lumbalis)Lower BackThe lumbar annulus fibrosus consists of 15-20 concentric lamellae of type I collagen with alternating fibre…
JointApophyseal Joints (Facet Joints)articulationes zygapophysialesLower BackThe facet joints (zygapophyseal joints) are paired synovial joints at each vertebral level that guide spinal…
JointIntervertebral Discdiscus intervertebralisLower BackThe intervertebral disc is a fibrocartilaginous joint between adjacent vertebral bodies consisting of a gelatinous nucleus…
JointIntervertebral Disc Annulus Fibrosusanulus fibrosus disci intervertebralisLower BackThe annulus fibrosus is the outer fibrocartilaginous ring of the intervertebral disc, consisting of concentric lamellae…
JointL3-L4 Intervertebral Disc Spacespatium intervertebrale L3-L4Lower BackThe L3-L4 intervertebral disc is the middle lumbar disc level, less commonly herniated than L4-L5 and…
JointLumbar Facet Joints (Detail)articulationes zygapophysiales lumborum (detail)Lower BackThe lumbar zygapophyseal joints have a sagittal orientation (superior-inferior) that allows flexion-extension while severely limiting rotation,…
JointLumbar Intervertebral Disc (L4-L5)discus intervertebralis L4-L5Lower BackThe L4-L5 intervertebral disc is the most commonly herniated disc in the lumbar spine, with the…
JointLumbar Intervertebral Disc (L5-S1)discus intervertebralis L5-S1Lower BackThe L5-S1 disc is the most highly loaded lumbar disc, accepting the greatest mechanical stress from…
JointLumbar Vertebral Facet Jointsarticulationes zygapophysiales lumborumLower BackLumbar facet joints face sagittally, enabling the lumbar spine's primary flexion-extension motion while resisting the rotation…
JointLumbosacral Junction (L5-S1)articulatio lumbosacralisLower BackThe lumbosacral junction is the transition zone between the mobile lumbar spine and the rigid sacrum,…
JointPosterior Annular Fibres (Lumbar Disc)fibrae anuli fibrosi posteriores (discus intervertebralis lumbalis)Lower BackThe posterior annulus is the critical zone for disc herniation, posterolateral fibres lack PLL reinforcement and…
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