Glenohumeral Joint: Inferior Recess

recessus axillaris articulationis humeri

The axillary (inferior) recess is the dependent fold of the glenohumeral joint capsule that unfolds during abduction to accommodate the full range of shoulder elevation. In adhesive capsulitis this recess contracts to nearly nothing, producing the restriction of abduction and external rotation that characterises frozen shoulder. Hydrodilatation ruptures this recess to restore shoulder motion.

Anatomical Data

Boundaries & Contents

Location	Lowest part of the glenohumeral joint capsule, hanging below the humeral head and glenoid when the arm is at the side
Boundaries	Anterior band of the inferior glenohumeral ligament (front) Posterior band of the inferior glenohumeral ligament (back) Inferior glenoid rim and labrum (medially) Anatomical and surgical neck of the humerus (laterally) Axillary nerve and posterior circumflex humeral vessels run just below it
Contents	Synovial fluid Redundant folds of capsule when the arm is adducted

Biomechanics

Function & Actions

Provides slack capsule that unfolds as the arm is raised, allowing full abduction and elevation. In abduction it tightens into a hammock that supports the humeral head from below and resists inferior and anterior dislocation.

Clinical Relevance

Clinical Notes

The axillary recess is the primary target of arthroscopic capsular release in adhesive capsulitis, releasing the inferior and posterior capsule in this recess is the most important step to restore elevation. Its volume in frozen shoulder is reduced from the normal 10-35 mL to as little as 3-5 mL, visible on arthrography as a tight, minimally distensible joint.

Pathology

Common Injuries & Conditions

Frozen Shoulder Inferior Recess Contracture

Axillary recess fibrosis restricting abduction in adhesive capsulitis managed with hydrodilatation rupturing the contracted inferior recess.

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