The largest and most complex joint in the body — tibiofemoral and patellofemoral compartments within one capsule, dependent on menisci and ligaments for stability on inherently incongruent articular surfaces.
Most commonly injured joint in sport. Medial compartment osteoarthritis predominates. Large synovial volume leads to significant effusion after injury.
Combined compression-rotation tears the more fixed medial meniscus, producing joint line pain, catching, and positive McMurray test.
Progressive medial compartment cartilage loss with pain, morning stiffness, crepitus, and eventual varus deformity.
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