The most mobile joint in the body, trading stability for range of motion. The large humeral head articulates with the small shallow glenoid, relying on the rotator cuff and labrum for dynamic stabilisation.
The glenohumeral joint is the most mobile and most frequently dislocated joint in the body, with anterior dislocation accounting for 95% of cases. Stability depends on static restraints (labrum, capsule, glenohumeral ligaments) and dynamic restraints (rotator cuff, biceps). Bankart lesion (anterior labral detachment) and Hill-Sachs lesion (posterosuperior humeral head compression fracture) are the classic bony and soft tissue injuries from anterior dislocation. Arthroscopic Bankart repair restores anterior stability. Osteoarthritis of the glenohumeral joint is the primary indication for total shoulder arthroplasty (anatomic or reverse). Ultrasound-guided glenohumeral injection accesses the posterior joint via the infraspinatus approach targeting the posterior recess.
Humeral head displaced anterior to glenoid from abduction-external rotation, often creating a Bankart labral lesion with high recurrence in young athletes.
Rotator cuff and bursal compression beneath the coracoacromial arch producing a painful arc of abduction.
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