The popliteal artery gives its five genicular branches at the knee level before dividing into the anterior and posterior tibial arteries at the lower popliteal fossa. The genicular branches form the periarticular arterial network that supplies the knee joint, collateral circulation, and skin.
The popliteal artery at the knee level is the vessel most at risk in knee dislocation — approximately 30-40% of high-energy knee dislocations disrupt the popliteal artery. ABI (ankle-brachial index) less than 0.9 after knee dislocation mandates CTA. In total knee arthroplasty, the popliteal artery is at risk during posterior capsule release, where it lies 5-10 mm from the posterior joint capsule.
Popliteal artery disruption in high-energy knee dislocation producing a cold, pulseless foot requiring urgent vascular CTA and revascularisation within 6 hours to prevent permanent ischaemia.
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