- May 2, 2026The innermost intercostal muscles are the deepest layer of the intercostal musculature, lying deep to the internal intercostals and separated…
- May 2, 2026The levatores costarum are 12 pairs of small fan-shaped muscles in the posterior thorax, each arising from a transverse process…
- May 2, 2026Serratus posterior superior is a thin, quadrilateral muscle in the upper posterior thorax deep to the rhomboids, attaching from the…
- May 2, 2026The lower trapezius is the inferior portion of the trapezius muscle, characterised by its oblique upward course from the lower…
- May 2, 2026The trachealis is the smooth muscle of the posterior membranous tracheal wall, visible on bronchoscopy as the posterior corrugated wall…
- May 2, 2026Bronchial smooth muscle encircles the airways from the main bronchi to the terminal bronchioles, forming the dynamic diameter controller of…
- May 2, 2026Vascular smooth muscle in the tunica media of arteries and arterioles is the primary effector of blood pressure regulation and…
- May 2, 2026Cardiac conduction cells are specialised modified cardiomyocytes with reduced contractile capacity and enhanced electrical automaticity and conduction velocity. The SAN…
- May 2, 2026The ventricular myocardium consists of cardiomyocytes — terminally differentiated striated muscle cells connected by intercalated discs with gap junctions allowing…
- May 2, 2026The esophageal musculature is unique in its transition from voluntary striated muscle in the upper esophagus to involuntary smooth muscle…