The periodontium is the group of tissues that surround and support the teeth: the gingiva, the periodontal ligament, the cementum and the alveolar bone. Together they attach each tooth to the jaw while allowing a small amount of cushioned movement. The periodontal ligament also contains receptors that sense biting pressure.
| Location | Around the root of each tooth, between the tooth and the alveolar process of the maxilla or mandible |
|---|---|
| Parts | |
| Nerve Supply | Superior alveolar nerves, CN V2; Inferior alveolar nerve, CN V3; Gingival branches of the palatine, buccal, lingual and mental nerves |
| Blood Supply | Superior alveolar arteries; Inferior alveolar artery; Gingival branches of the palatine, buccal, lingual and mental arteries |
| Venous drainage |
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| Lymphatic drainage |
|
Anchors the teeth in the jaws, absorbs and spreads chewing forces, senses pressure and protects the deeper tissues from oral bacteria.
Chronic periodontitis destroys the ligament and bone around the teeth and is the leading cause of tooth loss in adults. It has a two-way link with diabetes and is associated with cardiovascular disease and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Smoking hides the early sign of bleeding gums while making the disease worse.
Plaque-driven inflammation that destroys the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone, forming deep pockets and eventually loosening teeth.
Localised collection of pus within a periodontal pocket, causing swelling, pain and tooth mobility.
Rapid painful destruction of gum and supporting tissue with ulcerated papillae, seen in smokers, the malnourished and the immunosuppressed.
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