Pharyngeal Plexus

plexus pharyngeus

The pharyngeal plexus is formed on the lateral wall of the pharynx by branches from the vagus nerve (CN X, motor and sensory), the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX, sensory), and the sympathetic trunk (vasomotor). The vagal branches supply motor fibres to all pharyngeal constrictors except the stylopharyngeus (supplied by CN IX), and sensory fibres to the pharyngeal mucosa. The plexus coordinates swallowing through its motor and sensory components.

Region: Neck

Clinical Relevance

Clinical Notes

The pharyngeal plexus is the primary motor supply for pharyngeal swallowing, and its disruption in central or peripheral neurological disease produces oropharyngeal dysphagia. Unilateral pharyngeal plexus injury from posterior fossa surgery, radical neck dissection, or skull base tumours causes ipsilateral pharyngeal weakness with residue on the affected side during swallowing. Bilateral involvement produces severe dysphagia requiring nasogastric or gastrostomy tube feeding. Pharyngeal motor dysfunction is assessed by videofluoroscopy and flexible endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES).

Pathology

Common Injuries & Conditions

Pharyngeal Plexus Palsy from Skull Base Tumour

Tumours at the jugular foramen or posterior fossa compress the vagal branches forming the pharyngeal plexus, producing ipsilateral pharyngeal weakness with pooling of secretions and food on the affected side, detected by FEES showing reduced pharyngeal constriction and managed with swallowing rehabilitation and diet modification.