The glenohumeral capsule is the fibrous sleeve enclosing the shoulder joint, twice the size of the humeral head to allow full range of motion. It is reinforced by the glenohumeral ligaments anteriorly and the rotator cuff tendons superiorly and posteriorly.
Contains the shoulder joint, provides a fibrous envelope for synovial fluid, is reinforced by the GHL ligaments and rotator cuff to provide stability, and undergoes contraction in frozen shoulder to limit all planes of motion.
Frozen shoulder (adhesive capsulitis) involves thickening and contraction of the entire GH capsule — most severely at the rotator interval and axillary pouch. MRI shows capsular thickening greater than 4mm at the axillary pouch in advanced cases. Distension arthrography (hydrodilatation) forces the contracted capsule to expand.
Fibrous contraction of the glenohumeral capsule producing global shoulder range of motion restriction, managed by physiotherapy, corticosteroid injection, hydrodilatation, or arthroscopic capsular release.
Glenohumeral capsular plication reducing the volume of the lax capsule in multidirectional instability, tightening the inferior pouch and restricting the excessive translation range.
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