The subthalamic nucleus is a small lens-shaped nucleus lying below the thalamus, above the substantia nigra and medial to the internal capsule. Although it develops from the diencephalon, it works as part of the basal ganglia. It excites the globus pallidus internus, acting as a brake on movement.
| Location | Ventral to the thalamus, dorsal to the substantia nigra and medial to the internal capsule |
|---|---|
| Connections |
|
| Blood Supply | Posterior communicating artery (perforating branches); Posterior cerebral artery (perforating branches); Anterior choroidal artery |
Increases basal ganglia output to hold back movement, helping to stop actions and prevent unwanted movements.
Damage, classically from a small stroke, causes hemiballismus: violent flinging movements of the opposite arm and leg. In Parkinson disease the nucleus is overactive, and it is the most common deep brain stimulation target for advanced disease, often allowing reduced medication. Its small size makes precise targeting important.
Wild, flinging movements of the opposite limbs after damage to the subthalamic nucleus.
Overactivity of the subthalamic nucleus, treated with deep brain stimulation in advanced cases.
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