The reticular formation is a diffuse network of interconnected neurons running through the core of the brainstem from the medulla to the midbrain. Rather than a single nucleus, it is a web of cell groups that control arousal and consciousness, posture, breathing, heart rate and many reflexes. Its ascending part, the ascending reticular activating system, keeps the cortex awake.
| Location | Central core of the brainstem tegmentum throughout the medulla, pons and midbrain |
|---|---|
| Parts |
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| Connections |
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| Blood Supply | Paramedian and circumferential branches of the vertebral and basilar arteries; Posterior cerebral artery perforators |
Maintains wakefulness and attention, coordinates breathing, heart rate and blood pressure, controls posture and muscle tone, and organises reflexes such as swallowing, coughing and vomiting.
Damage to the upper pontine and midbrain reticular formation or its thalamic targets causes coma. Many anaesthetic and sedative drugs work partly by depressing this system. Brainstem lesions of the respiratory network can cause abnormal breathing patterns such as apneustic or ataxic breathing.
Loss of consciousness caused by damage to the ascending reticular activating system in the upper brainstem.
Failure of automatic breathing, especially during sleep, from damage to medullary respiratory centres.
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