- April 28, 2026The L4-L5 intervertebral disc is the most commonly herniated disc in the lumbar spine, with the L5 nerve root most…
- April 28, 2026The lumbar ligamentum flavum is the thickest in the spine (3-5 mm normal), reflecting the highest flexion-extension loads. Its high…
- April 28, 2026The lumbar PLL widens at disc levels (providing some resistance to central disc herniation) and narrows at vertebral body levels,…
- April 28, 2026The lumbar ALL is a broad, thick band firmly adherent to the anterior vertebral bodies and anterior anulus fibrosus. It…
- April 28, 2026The lumbar interspinous ligaments are the thickest in the spine, resisting the highest flexion loads at L4-L5 and L5-S1. Interspinous…
- April 28, 2026The iliolumbar ligament spans the L4-L5 transverse processes to the iliac crest, providing the primary bony restraint against forward slip…
- April 28, 2026The psoas major is the only muscle connecting the lumbar spine to the lower limb, running from the lumbar vertebral…
- April 28, 2026The lumbar multifidus is the most important lumbar stabiliser, providing segmental control of each vertebral motion segment. It is the…
- April 28, 2026The iliolumbar ligament connects the L5 (and L4) transverse processes to the iliac crest, acting as the primary stabiliser of…
- April 28, 2026The twelfth rib is the shorter of the two floating ribs (with the eleventh), articulating only with the T12 vertebral…