- May 2, 2026The cauda equina (horse's tail) is the collection of nerve roots below the conus medullaris that float freely in CSF…
- May 2, 2026The spinal cord is the cylindrical neural structure within the vertebral canal extending from the foramen magnum to the conus…
- May 2, 2026The lumbar sympathetic trunk is the continuation of the thoracic sympathetic chain as it passes posterior to the medial arcuate…
- May 2, 2026The superior cluneal nerves are the cutaneous branches of the posterior rami of L1, L2, and L3, crossing the iliac…
- May 2, 2026The thoracolumbar fascia is a large multi-layered dense connective tissue sheet covering the back from the sacrum and iliac crests…
- May 2, 2026The lateral costotransverse ligament is a short, strong band connecting the tip of the transverse process to the posterior surface…
- May 2, 2026The superior costotransverse ligament connects the crest of the neck of each rib to the transverse process of the vertebra…
- May 2, 2026The lumbar annulus fibrosus consists of 15-20 concentric lamellae of type I collagen with alternating fibre orientations (55-60 degrees to…
- May 2, 2026The posterior annulus is the critical zone for disc herniation — posterolateral fibres lack PLL reinforcement and experience the highest…
- May 2, 2026The iliolumbar ligament is the primary restraint at the lumbosacral junction, connecting the L5 transverse process to the iliac crest.…